This shift has led to new a research focus of identifying. The management focus has shifted from the traditional approach of generating and securing IPRs to the modern approach of commercializing, leveraging and monetizing of such IPRs. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), as a critical resource of any organization, has acquired mainstream management discussion space over the past several decades. The ability to protect intellectual property gives universities an opportunity to increase the source of funds, as well as provide incentives to researchers to produce innovations. These last two pieces of legislation, along with the expanded IPR for biological innovations, have made universities a major participant for contracting IPRs in biotechnology. The passage of Public Law 98-620 further expanded universities вЂ™ ownership rights in 1984. The 1980 Bayh-Dole Act allowed universities ownership rights to intellectual property generated by federally funded research. The enactment of the Plant Patent Act in 1930 and the Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Act in 1970 expanded the IPR regime in the United States (U.S.) to include the protection of biological innovations. The expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in agriculture has created new opportunities and challenges for research cooperation between the public and private sectors. Key words: intellectual property rights biotechnology Michigan State University research and development technology transfer. way of examples from the Michigan State University experience. The paper outlines the main reasons for obtaining IP protection by. It argues that such protection can be compatible with the mission of public organizations, especially in cases where private firms will underinvest due to thin markets, high development costs or technological complexity. This paper discusses the significance of intellectual property (IP) protection by public research institutes. On this basis, the study has major implications for research into intermediaries, technology exploitation, licensing, open innovation and organizational boundaries. Accordingly, the role of technology intermediaries as general facilitators of interorganizational technology transactions has to be questioned. External service providers are a complement rather than a substitute for internal activities. The empirical findings show that industrial firms need to develop internal competencies of externally leveraging technology.

We test five hypotheses regarding organizational antecedents and performance consequences of intermediary services with data from 152 firms spanning multiple industries. Drawing on a resource-based perspective, we therefore analyse whether firms can overcome market inefficiencies by relying on innovation intermediaries such as consulting companies and internet platforms. Despite this increase in technology transactions, many industrial firms experience major managerial difficulties in outward technology transfer because of imperfections in the markets for technology. by means of out-licensing, has recently gained in importance. The external commercialization of technology assets, e.g.

We discuss the implications of this research for understanding the individual and organizational processes and norms underlying technology and knowledge transfer more generally. Designers exploit their access to a broad range of technological solutions with organizational routines for acquiring and storing this knowledge in the organization's memory and, by making analogies between current design problems and the past solutions they have seen, retrieving that knowledge to generate new solutions to design problems in other industries. It acts as a technology broker by introducing these solutions where they are not known and, in the process, creates new products that are original combinations of existing knowledge from disparate industries. This firm exploits its network position, working for clients in at least 40 industries, to gain knowledge of existing technological solutions in various industries. The model is grounded in observations, interviews, informal conversations, and archived data gathered during an ethnography of IDEO, a product design firm. We blend network and organizational memory perspectives in a model of technology brokering that explains how an organization develops innovative products.

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